Inna , 27 Ukraine, Nikolaev. Chen , 38 China. Rana , 45 Turkey, Konya. Nata , 44 Ukraine, Kiev. Roman , 46 Germany, Darmstadt. Stefan , 54 Germany, Bonn. Mflachs , 46 Germany, Aachen. Marcin , 33 Poland, Lodz. Trevor , 60 United Kingdom, York. Laftimiabdella , 54 Morocco, Wad Zam.
George , 60 Greece, Leukas. Sulttan , 37 Iraq, al-Basrah. Percentages of spoken language continue to be a point of debate, as many opt that they are politically motivated; most notably regarding the largest and second largest ethnicities in Iran, the Persians and Azerbaijanis. As with the spoken languages, the ethnic group composition also remains a point of debate, mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity.
The Library of Congress issued slightly different estimates: Qashqai and Turkmens , and non-Iranian, non-Turkic groups incl. Other non-governmental estimations regarding the groups other than the Persians and Azerbaijanis roughly congruate with the World Factbook and the Library of Congress. However, many scholarly and organisational estimations regarding the number of these two groups differ significantly from the mentioned census.
According to many of them, the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran comprises between Historically, early Iranian religions such as the Proto-Iranic religion and the subsequent Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism were the dominant religions in Iran, particularly during the Median, Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sasanian eras. This changed after the fall of the Sasanian Empire by the centuries-long Islamization that followed the Muslim Conquest of Iran.
Iran was predominantly Sunni until the conversion of the country as well as the people of what is today the neighboring Republic of Azerbaijan to Shia Islam by the order of the Safavid dynasty in the 16th century. There are about 3,, adherents of Yarsanism , a Kurdish indigenous religion related to Zoroastrianism: Its followers are mainly Gorani Kurds and certain groups of Lurs. Judaism has a long history in Iran , dating back to the Achaemenid conquest of Babylonia. Although many left in the wake of the establishment of the State of Israel and the Revolution, about 8, [] to 25, [] Jewish people live in Iran.
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Iran has the largest Jewish population in the Middle East outside of Israel. Around , to , Christians reside in Iran, [] [] and Christianity is the country's largest recognized minority religion. Most are of Armenian background, as well as a sizable minority of Assyrians.
Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognized by the government, and have reserved seats in the Iranian Parliament. The government has not released statistics regarding irreligiosity. However, irreligious figures are growing and are higher in the diaspora , notably among Iranian Americans. The earliest attested cultures in Iran date back to the Lower Paleolithic. Owing to its geopolitical position, Iran has influenced cultures as far as Greece and Italy to the west, Russia to the north, the Arabian Peninsula to the south, and south and east Asia to the east.
The art of Iran encompasses many disciplines, including architecture , stonemasonry , metalworking , weaving , pottery , painting , and calligraphy.
Iranian works of art show a great variety in style, in different regions and periods. Greek iconography was imported by the Seleucids , followed by the recombination of Hellenistic and earlier Near Eastern elements in the art of the Parthians , [] with remains such as the Temple of Anahita and the Statue of the Parthian Nobleman.
By the time of the Sasanians, Iranian art came across a general renaissance. During the Middle Ages, Sasanian art played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art, [91] which carried forward to the Islamic world , and much of what later became known as Islamic learning—including medicine , architecture , philosophy , philology , and literature —were of Sasanian basis. The Safavid era is known as the Golden Age of Iranian art, [] and Safavid works of art show a far more unitary development than in any other period, [] as part of a political evolution that reunified Iran as a cultural entity.
Iran's contemporary art traces its origins back to the time of Kamal-ol-Molk , [] a prominent realist painter at the court of the Qajar dynasty who affected the norms of painting and adopted a naturalistic style that would compete with photographic works. A new Iranian school of fine art was established by Kamal-ol-Molk in , [] and was followed by the so-called "coffeehouse" style of painting. Iran's avant-garde modernists emerged by the arrival of new western influences during World War II.
The history of architecture in Iran goes back to the seventh millennium BC. Iranian architecture displays great variety, both structural and aesthetic, developing gradually and coherently out of earlier traditions and experience. Iran ranks seventh among UNESCO 's list of countries with the most archaeological ruins and attractions from antiquity.
Traditionally, the guiding formative motif of Iranian architecture has been its cosmic symbolism "by which man is brought into communication and participation with the powers of heaven". According to Persian historian and archaeologist Arthur Pope , the supreme Iranian art, in the proper meaning of the word, has always been its architecture.
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The supremacy of architecture applies to both pre- and post-Islamic periods. Iran's carpet-weaving has its origins in the Bronze Age, and is one of the most distinguished manifestations of Iranian art.
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Iran's oldest literary tradition is that of Avestan , the Old Iranian sacred language of the Avesta , which consists of the legendary and religious texts of Zoroastrianism and the ancient Iranian religion , with its earliest records dating back to the pre-Achaemenid times. Of the various modern languages used in Iran, Persian , various dialects of which are spoken throughout the Iranian Plateau, [] [] has the most influential literature. Persian has been dubbed as a worthy language to serve as a conduit for poetry, and is considered one of the four main bodies of world literature.
Iranian philosophy originates from Indo-European roots, with Zoroaster 's reforms having major influences. According to The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy , the chronology of the subject and science of philosophy starts with the Indo-Iranians, dating this event to BC. The Oxford dictionary also states, "Zarathushtra's philosophy entered to influence Western tradition through Judaism, and therefore on Middle Platonism.
While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avesta , the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences, especially in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view of man's role in the universe. The Cyrus Cylinder , which is known as "the first charter of human rights ", is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zoroaster, and developed in Zoroastrian schools of the Achaemenid era.
Among them are treatises such as the Zatspram, Shkand-gumanik Vizar , and Denkard , as well as older passages of the Avesta and the Gathas. Iranian mythology consists of ancient Iranian folklore and stories, all involving extraordinary beings, reflecting attitudes towards the confrontation of good and evil , actions of the gods, and the exploits of heroes and fabulous creatures. Myths play a crucial part in Iranian culture, and understanding of them is increased when they are considered within the context of actual events in Iranian history. The geography of Greater Iran, a vast area covering present-day Iran, the Caucasus, Anatolia, Mesopotamia and Central Asia, with its high mountain ranges, plays the main role in much of Iranian mythology.
It draws heavily on the stories and characters of the Zoroastrian tradition, from the texts of the Avesta , the Denkard , and the Bundahishn.
Iran is the apparent birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, dating back to the third millennium BC. Multiple depictions of horizontal harps were also sculpted in Assyrian palaces, dating back between and BC. Xenophon 's Cyropaedia mentions a great number of singing women at the court of the Achaemenid Empire. Likewise, Strabo 's Geographica reports that the Parthian youth were taught songs about "the deeds both of the gods and of the noblest men".
The history of Sasanian music is better documented than the earlier periods, and is especially more evident in Avestan texts. Iranian traditional musical instruments include string instruments such as chang harp , qanun , santur , rud oud , barbat , tar , dotar , setar , tanbur , and kamanche , wind instruments such as sorna zurna , karna and ney , and percussion instruments such as tompak , kus , daf dayere , and naqare. It was reformed by Parviz Mahmoud in , and is currently Iran's oldest and largest symphony orchestra.
Later, by the late s, Ruhollah Khaleqi founded the country's first national music society, and established the School of National Music in Iranian pop music has its origins in the Qajar era. The emergence of genres such as rock in the s and hip hop in the s also resulted in major movements and influences in Iranian music. Before the Revolution, the Iranian national stage had become a famous performing scene for known international artists and troupes, [] with the Roudaki Hall of Tehran constructed to function as the national stage for opera and ballet.
Tjeknavorian, a celebrated Iranian Armenian composer and conductor, composed it in 25 years, and it was finally performed for the first time at Tehran's Roudaki Hall, with Darya Dadvar in the role of Tahmina. A third-millennium BC earthen goblet discovered at the Burnt City , a Bronze Age urban settlement in southeastern Iran, depicts what could possibly be the world's oldest example of animation.
The artifact, associated with Jiroft , bears five sequential images depicting a wild goat jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree.
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The figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language. It is even possible to see a progenitor of the cinematic close-up shot in one of these works of art, which shows a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground. By the early 20th century, the five-year-old industry of cinema came to Iran. Mirza Ebrahim obtained a camera and filmed the Qajar ruler's visit to Europe. Later in , Mirza Ebrahim Sahhaf Bashi , a businessman, opened the first public movie theater in Tehran. Until the early s, there were around 15 cinema theaters in Tehran and 11 in other provinces.
Iran's animation industry began by the s, and was followed by the establishment of the influential Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults in January The majority of the production focused on melodrama and thrillers. With the screening of the films Qeysar and The Cow , directed by Masoud Kimiai and Dariush Mehrjui respectively in , alternative films set out to establish their status in the film industry and Bahram Beyzai 's Downpour and Nasser Taghvai 's Tranquility in the Presence of Others followed soon.
Attempts to organize a film festival, which had begun in within the framework of the Golrizan Festival, resulted in the festival of Sepas in The endeavors also resulted in the formation of the Tehran's World Film Festival in After the Revolution of , and following the Cultural Revolution , a new age emerged in Iranian cinema, starting with Long Live!
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Kiarostami, an acclaimed Iranian director, planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the Palme d'Or for Taste of Cherry in Critics considered this a remarkable event in the history of Iranian cinema. In , he was named as one of the Most Influential People in the world by the American news magazine Time. Iran's official New Year begins with Nowruz , an ancient Iranian tradition celebrated annually on the vernal equinox.
It is enjoyed by people adhering to different religions, but is considered a holiday for the Zoroastrians. It was registered on the UNESCO 's list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in , [] described as the Persian New Year , [] [] [] [] shared with a number of other countries in which it has historically been celebrated.
Iran's official calendar is the Solar Hejri calendar , beginning at the vernal equinox in the Northern Hemisphere , which was first enacted by the Iranian Parliament on 31 March Alternatively, the Lunar Hejri calendar is used to indicate Islamic events, and the Gregorian calendar remarks the international events. Due to its variety of ethnic groups and the influences from the neighboring cultures, the cuisine of Iran is diverse.