In , Arne Eggebrecht reportedly reproduced the electroplating of gold onto a small statue.
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There are no direct written or photographic records of this experiment. The artifacts do not form a useful battery for several reasons: They were apparently fire-gilded with mercury. Paul Craddock of the British Museum said "The examples we see from this region and era are conventional gold plating and mercury gilding.
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Scott, senior scientist at the Getty Conservation Institute and head of its Museum Research Laboratory, wrote that "There is a natural tendency for writers dealing with chemical technology to envisage these unique ancient objects of two thousand years ago as electroplating accessories Foley Keyser of the University of Alberta noted that Eggebrecht used a more efficient, modern electrolyte, and that using only vinegar, or other electrolytes available at the time assumed, the battery would be very feeble, and for that and other reasons concludes that even if this was in fact a battery, it could not have been used for electroplating.
However, Keyser still supported the battery theory, but believed it was used for some kind of mild electrotherapy such as pain relief, possibly through electroacupuncture.
History of Baghdad | University of Baghdad
A bitumen seal, being thermoplastic , would be extremely inconvenient for a galvanic cell, which would require frequent topping up of the electrolyte if they were intended for extended use. The object was looted along with thousands of other artifacts from the National Museum during the invasion of Iraq.
In March , Professor Elizabeth Stone of Stony Brook University , an expert on Iraqi archaeology, returning from the first archaeological expedition in Iraq after 20 years, stated that she does not know a single archaeologist who believed that these were batteries. The idea that the terracotta jars in certain circumstances could have been used to produce usable levels of electricity has been put to the test at least twice. On the third episode of the British Television series Arthur C.
Clarke's Mysterious World , Egyptologist Arne Eggebrecht created a voltaic cell using a jar filled with grape juice , to produce half a volt of electricity, demonstrating for the programme that jars used this way could electroplate a silver statuette in two hours, using a gold cyanide solution. The Discovery Channel program MythBusters built replicas of the jars to see if it was indeed possible for them to have been used for electroplating or electrostimulation.
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The Kufa Gate to the south-west and the Basra Gate to the south-east both opened on to the Sarat canal — a key part of the network of waterways that drained the waters of the Euphrates into the Tigris and made this site so attractive. The Sham Syrian Gate to the north-west led to the main road on to Anbar, and across the desert wastes to Syria. To the north-east the Khorasan Gate lay close to the Tigris, leading to the bridge of boats across it.
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A gatehouse rose above each of the four outer gates. Those above the entrances in the higher main wall offered commanding views over the city and the many miles of lush palm groves and emerald fields that fringed the waters of the Tigris. The large audience chamber at the top of the gatehouse above the Khorasan Gate was a particular favourite of Mansur as an afternoon retreat from the stultifying heat. The centre of Baghdad consisted of an immense central enclosure — perhaps 6, feet in diameter — with the royal precinct at its heart.
The very centre was empty except for the two finest buildings in the city: No one except Mansur, not even a gout-ridden uncle of the caliph who requested the privilege on grounds of ill-health, was permitted to ride in this central precinct. One sympathises with this elderly uncle of the caliph.
Unmoved by his protestations of decrepit limbs, Mansur said he could be carried into the central precinct on a litter, a mode of transport generally reserved for women. Its most striking feature was the ft-high green dome above the main audience chamber, visible for miles around and surmounted by the figure of a horseman with a lance in his hand.
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Encompassing a prodigious 90, sq ft, it paid dutiful respect to Allah while emphatically conveying the message that the Abbasids were his most powerful and illustrious servants on earth. The general verdict was that it was a triumph. The ninth-century essayist, polymath and polemicist al-Jahiz was unstinting in his praise.
I have seen such cities in the districts of Syria, in Byzantine territory, and in other provinces, but I have never seen a city of greater height, more perfect circularity, more endowed with superior merits or possessing more spacious gates or more perfect defences than Al Zawra, that is to say the city of Abu Jafar al-Mansur. Baghdadis have since grown used to being excluded from the centre of their resilient capital.
Just as they had been barred from the inner sanctum of the city under Mansur, so were their 20th-century counterparts excluded from the heart of Baghdad on pain of death 12 centuries later under Saddam Hussein.