Visit Santa Cruz County
Santa Cruz is known for its moderate climate, natural environment, coastline, redwood forests, alternative community lifestyles, and socially liberal leanings. It is also home to the University of California, Santa Cruz , a premier research institution and educational hub, as well as the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk , an oceanfront amusement park operating continuously since The present-day site of Santa Cruz was the location of Spanish settlement beginning in , including Mission Santa Cruz and the pueblo of Branciforte.
Following the Mexican—American War of —48, California became the 31st state in The City of Santa Cruz was incorporated in and chartered in April Late in the 19th century, Santa Cruz established itself as a beach resort community. Prior to the arrival of Spanish soldiers, missionaries and colonists in the late 18th century, Santa Cruz County was home to the Awaswas Natives. The misnomer Ohlone, while often used to describe the native people of the Santa Cruz area, is a generalized name for the many diverse groups that lived in the region stretching from San Francisco to the Monterey Bay.
The diverse and numerous tribes of this region were also earlier referred to by the Spanish as Coastanoan. The term " Ohlone " has been used in place of " Costanoan " since the s by some descendant groups and by most ethnographers, historians, and writers of popular literature. The Awaswas tribe was made up of no more than one thousand people and their language is now extinct.
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The only remnants of their spoken language are three local place names: Aptos , Soquel and Zayante ; and the name of a native shellfish — abalone. The majority of Ohlone or Coastanoan tribes had no written language, and lived in small villages scattered around the Monterey Bay and San Francisco Bay regions. Within fifty years of the Spaniards' arrival, the Ohlone or Coastanoan culture and way of life had virtually disappeared in the Bay area. Today, two of the Coastanoan tribes, the Awaswa people 'missionized' in Santa Cruz and the Mutsun people 'missionized' at San Juan Bautista , have joined together as the Amah Mutsan Tribal Band in an effort to protect and maintain the authentic and distinct cultural history and practices.
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The party forded the river probably near where the Soquel Avenue bridge now stands and camped nearby on October 17, Next morning, the expedition set out again, and Crespi noted that, "Five hundred steps after we started we crossed a good arroyo of running water which descends from some high hills where it rises. Santa Cruz was the twelfth mission to be founded in California. The creek, however, later lost the name, and is known today as Laurel Creek because it parallels Laurel Street.
It is the main feeder of Neary Lagoon. Its original main street is now North Branciforte Avenue. Villa de Branciforte later lost its civic status, and in the area was annexed into the City of Santa Cruz. In the s, newly independent Mexico assumed control of the area. The pueblo designation was never made official, however. The new name didn't catch on and Santa Cruz remained Santa Cruz.
Mission farming and grazing lands, which once extended from the San Lorenzo River north along the coast to approximately today's Santa Cruz County border, were taken away and broken up into large land grants called ranchos. The grants were made by several different governors between and see List of Ranchos of California. Only two ranchos were totally within the boundaries of today's city of Santa Cruz. Rancho Potrero Y Rincon de San Pedro Regalado consisted mostly of flat, river-bottom pasture land north of Mission Hill "potrero" translates as "pasture".
Rancho Tres Ojos de Agua was on the west side. Three other rancho boundaries later became part of the modern city limits: Rancho Refugio on the west. Rancho Carbonera on the north, and Rancho Arroyo del Rodeo on the east.
After secularization put most California land into private hands, immigrants from the United States began to arrive in steadily increasing numbers, especially in the s when overland routes like the California Trail were opened. California was the first portion of the territory to become a state, in Santa Cruz County was established the same year, and Santa Cruz was incorporated as a town in The Santa Cruz mission, along with the other twenty-one Franciscan missions, was secularized within a few years after Even before secularization, the Indian population had declined, and the adobe buildings slowly began to fall apart from wet weather and lack of maintenance.
The chapel tower fell in and the entire front wall was destroyed in the Fort Tejon earthquake. In a "modern" church was built next door to the remaining rear portion of the chapel. That remainder was demolished in , when today's Holy Cross church was built on the site, in a gothic style. The Spanish called them "Costanos". Costanos is derived from the Spanish word costa coast. The Costanos anglicized as "Costanoan" people spoke eight known dialects, each defining a different tribelet area. During the mission era, the number of native people in the Bay Area, including Santa Cruz, began to rapidly decrease.
Many natives brought to live at the missions neophytes died from European diseases to which they had no resistance. As the missions closed, most of the remaining neophytes living at the missions became laborers on the ranchos that inherited the former mission lands.
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With the arrival of the Spanish, the Costanoan people experienced a cultural disruption. During their time with the missions the Costanoan people experienced cultural shock, mistreatment and diseases brought from Europe. In , 14 years after Mexico won its independence from Spain, the twenty-one California missions were secularized. The vast lands they were supposed to be holding in trust for converted natives went instead mostly to friends and relatives of the Alta California government including some foreign immigrants who had married into Californio families.
Some small communities were formed after this which promoted old ways but in different locations from their homelands. Elihu Anthony — arrived in Santa Cruz, California in [22] and opened many firsts for the city of Santa Cruz; including the first Protestant Church, the first blacksmith foundry, he built the first wharf and was the first postmaster. Hihn , built the first private water supply network in the city and serving nearby communities. California Powder Works began manufacturing blasting powder for California mining when normal supplies were interrupted by the American Civil War.
A powder mill built on the San Lorenzo River upstream of Santa Cruz used charcoal and powder kegs manufactured from local forests. The mill was heavily damaged by a series of explosions on the evening of April 26, The explosions caused flaming debris to fall on Mission Hill and caused fires threatening the city. The powder works employed to men until operations ceased in Santa Cruz was hard hit by the Loma Prieta earthquake that killed three people.
Founded in , The Resource Center for Nonviolence is one of the oldest and most centrally located non-profit organizations committed to political and social activism in Santa Cruz County. As a center of liberal and progressive activism, [32] Santa Cruz became one of the first cities to approve marijuana for medicinal uses. In , residents overwhelmingly approved Measure A, [33] which allowed for the medicinal uses of marijuana. Santa Cruz was home to the second above-ground medical marijuana club in the world when the Santa Cruz Cannabis Buyers Club opened its doors in April In , the Santa Cruz City Council established a city government office to assist residents with obtaining medical marijuana.
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Measure K made adult non-medical cannabis offenses the lowest priority for law enforcement; this does not apply to cultivation, distribution, sale in public, sale to minors, or driving under the influence. This collection of activists organized the "Myth California Pageant" in the s protesting "the objectification of women and the glorification of the beauty myth. The protests ran for nine years and eventually contributed to the Miss California pageant leaving Santa Cruz. Riots occurred on May 1, , sparked when leftist extremists threw jugs of paint at police cars and painted anarchist symbols and anti-capitalist phrases onto buildings.
Prior to the riot, a May Day rally was being held for worker and immigrant rights. The riots started when the protesters started vandalizing nearby buildings; by After calling in backup resources from around the county, law enforcement reached the riots at Occupy Santa Cruz formed as an autonomous organization in solidarity with the worldwide Occupy movement , a broad-based protest against perceived economic and social inequality.
Occupy Santa Cruz was most active in the fall of , and included over a thousand active members at its peak. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city covers an area of Santa Cruz has mild weather throughout the year, experiencing a warm-summer mediterranean climate characterized by cool, wet winters and warm, mostly dry summers. Due to its proximity to Monterey Bay , fog and low overcast are common during the night and morning hours, especially in the summer. Santa Cruz frequently experiences an Indian summer , with the year's warmest temperatures often occurring in the autumn.
Santa Cruz is a center of the organic agriculture movement, and many specialty products as well as housing the headquarters of California Certified Organic Farmers.
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Tourist attractions include the classic Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk on the beach, the redwood forests in the Santa Cruz Mountains above the town, and Monterey Bay, which is protected as a marine sanctuary. As of , the top employers in the city were: Recorded from the census of , [55] there were 54, people total with 20, households and 10, families residing in the city. The population density includes 1, There were 21, housing units at an average density of 1, The racial makeup of the city was There were 20, households out of which The average household size was 2.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows The median age was 32 years. For every females, there were For every females age 18 and over, there were The population density was 3, The racial makeup of Santa Cruz was 44, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11, persons The Census reported that 51, people There were 21, households, out of which 4, There were 1, 8. There were 10, families The age distribution of the population shows 8, people The median age was There were 23, housing units at an average density of 1, The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. Santa Cruz consistently suffers the highest property crime rates per capita for medium and large-sized cities in the state of California, [59] [60] in addition to some of the highest violent crime rates in the state of California for medium and large-sized cities.
Santa Cruz has five sister cities in other nations, cities chosen to strengthen international connections. A volunteer committee of citizens organizes cultural exchange opportunities, humanitarian projects, and commercial ties between Santa Cruz and its sister cities. State Routes 1 and 17 are the main roads in and out of Santa Cruz, with the latter being the primary route north to San Jose and the rest of the San Francisco Bay Area. The ramp from SR 1 northbound to SR 17 southbound, onto Ocean Street, is commonly known as the "fish hook" due to its tightening curve. A project to widen the highway and this interchange was begun in and completed in the fall of The Union Traction Company consolidated three electric tram service routes in Competition from automobiles ended streetcar service in Greyhound Lines bus service is another, albeit less commonly used, option for visiting Santa Cruz.