In response to a chapter on black bears written by Robert Armitage Sterndale in his Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon on how black bears were no more dangerous than other animals in India, a reader responded with a letter to The Asian on May 11, Mr Sterndale, in the course of his interesting papers on the Mammalia of British India , remarks of Ursus Tibetanus , commonly known as the Himalayan Black Bear, that 'a wounded one will sometimes show fight, but in general it tries to escape.
The Himalayan Black Bear will not only do this almost invariably, but often attacks men without any provocation whatever, and is altogether about the most fierce, vicious, dangerous brute to be met with either in the hills or plains of India. I believe there is no case on record of a hunter being charged by a Brown Bear; or even of natives, under any circumstances, being attacked by one; whereas every one of your readers who has ever marched in the Himalayas must have come across many victims of the ferocity of Ursus Tibetanus.
At the turn of the 20th century, a hospital in Srinagar , Kashmir received dozens of black bear victims annually. When black bears attack humans, they rear up on their hind legs and knock victims over with their paws.
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Then they bite them on an arm or leg and snap on the victim's head, this being the most dangerous part of the attack. In November , in the Kulgam district of Indian-administered Kashmir, a black bear attacked four insurgents after discovering them in its den, and killed two of them.
In India, attacks on humans have been increasing yearly, and have occurred largely in the northwestern and western Himalayan region. In the Chamba District of Himachal Pradesh , the number of black bear attacks on humans have gradually increased from 10 in —89 to 21 in — There are no records of predation on humans by Asian black bears in Russia and no conflicts have been documented in Taiwan.
Li Guoxing, the second person in history to have received a facial transplant , was a victim of a black bear attack. Because of this, black bears are generally considered more dangerous than brown bears, which live in more open spaces and are thus less likely to be surprised by approaching humans. On May 7, in India, a group of bears attacked villages in Orissa , killing eight and injuring "a dozen more". The bears are said to have adopted such aggressive behavior due to excessive consumption of the mahua flower. In May and June four people were killed by bears in Akita prefecture while picking bamboo shoots, [62] and in August a female safari park worker in Gunma prefecture was killed when a black bear climbed into her car and attacked her.
In the past, the farmers of the Himalayan lowlands feared black bears more than any other pest, and would erect platforms in the fields, where watchmen would be posted at night and would beat drums to frighten off any interlopers. However, some black bears would grow accustomed to the sound and encroach anyway. Livestock predation, overall, was greatest in the summer and autumn periods, which corresponded with a peak in cropping agriculture; livestock are turned out to pasture and forest during the cropping season and, subsequently, are less well guarded than at other times.
Livestock killed by black bears in Himachal Pradesh, India increased from 29 in — to 45 in — In the remoter areas of Japan, black bears can be serious crop predators: Japanese black bears are estimated to damage 3, bee hives annually. When feeding on large crops such as watermelons or pumpkins , black bears will ignore the flesh, and eat the seeds, thus adversely affecting future harvests.
This can cause serious economic problems in Asia's valuable timber forests. There is evidence that year-old conifers commanding the highest market values may also have been bark stripped. Black bears will prey on livestock if their natural food is in poor supply. Along with sun bears, Asiatic black bears are the most typically used species in areas where bears are either used in performances or as pets. The Asiatic black bears are the comedians of the performing bears.
They appear to appreciate applause and will intentionally move into their prescribed position late to attain laughter and attention.
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Black bears are easily tamed, and can be fed with rice, maize, sweet potato, cassava, pumpkin, ripe fruit, animal fat and sweet foods. Keeping captive black bears is popular in China, especially due to the belief that milking the bear's gall bladder leads to quick prosperity. Bears are also popular as pets in Vietnam. According to The great and small game of India, Burma, and Tibet , regarding the hunting of black bears in British India:. Black bear stalking in the forests bordering the valley of Kashmir requires much more care than is expended in approaching brown bear on the open hills above, the senses of sight and hearing being more strongly developed in the black than in the brown species.
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Many of these forests are very dense, so that it requires the eye of a practised shikari to detect the dark forms of the bears while searching for chestnuts on the ground without the advancing party being detected by the vigilant animals. The book also describes a second method of black bear hunting involving the beating of small patches of forest, when the bears march out in single file. However, black bears were rarely hunted for sport, because of the poor quality of their fur and the ease by which they could be shot in trees, or stalked, as their hearing was poor.
Black bears here afford no sport; it is not shooting at all, it is merely potting a black thing in a tree I can assure the reader that if he has a fondness for stalking, he will despise bear-killing, and will never shoot at them if there is a chance of anything else. If a man were to hunt for nothing else but bears, and kill a hundred in his six months' leave, he would not have enjoyed such real sport as he would, had he killed ten buck ibex or markhoor.
Although easy to track and shoot, black bears were known by British sportsmen to be extremely dangerous when injured. Burton wrote of how many sportsmen had been killed by black bears after failing to make direct hits. Today, black bears are only legally hunted for sport in Japan and Russia. In Russia, 75— black bears are legally harvested annually, though a year are reportedly harvested illegally.
The article indicated that clients receiving permits for black bear hunts included people from Britain , the United States , Germany , Spain , Poland and Finland. Some, such as the inhabitants of the Kiso area in the Nagano Prefecture , prohibited the practise altogether, while others developed rituals in order to placate the spirits of killed bears.
In some Japanese hunting communities, black bears lacking the white chest mark are considered sacred. In the Akita Prefecture, bears lacking the mark were known by matagi huntsmen as minaguro all black or munaguro black chested , and were also considered messengers of yama no kami.
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If such a bear was shot, the huntsman would offer it to yama no kami , and give up hunting from that time on. Similar beliefs were held in Nagano, where the completely black bears were termed nekoguma or cat-bear. Matagi communities believed that killing a bear in the mountains would result in a bad storm, which was linked to the belief that bear spirits could affect weather. The matagi would generally hunt bears in spring or from late autumn to early winter, before they hibernated. In mountain regions, bears were hunted by driving them upland to a waiting hunter who would shoot it.
Bear hunting expeditions were preceded by rituals, and could last up to two weeks. After killing the bear, the matagi would pray for the bear's soul. The word taiji itself is often used in Japanese folklore to describe the slaying of monsters and demons. Traditionally, the Atayal , Taroko , and Bunun tribes of Taiwan consider black bears to be almost human in their behaviours, and thus unjust killing of bears is equated with murder and will cause misfortunes such as disease, death, or crop failure.
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The Bunun people call black bears Aguman or Duman which means devil. Traditionally, a Bunun hunter who has accidentally trapped a bear has to build a cottage in the mountains and cremate the bear within it. The hunter must stay in the cottage alone, away from the village until the end of the millet harvest, as it is believed that the killing of a black bear will cause the millet crop to burn black. In the Tungpu area, black bears are considered animals of the "third category": Therefore, when black bears encroach upon human settlements, they are considered ill omens.
In this situation, the community can either destroy trespassing bears or settle somewhere else. The Rukai and Paiwan people are permitted to hunt black bears, though they believe that doing so will curse the hunters involved: Rukai people believe that hunting bears can result in disease. Children are forbidden from eating bear meat, which is itself not permitted to be taken within homes. Accounts on the quality of the black bear's fur vary. According to Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon , "Their skins are always poor and mangy , and generally so greasy that they are very difficult to keep until you can make them over to the dresser", [52] which is corroborated by The great and small game of India, Burma, and Tibet , which states " Bears living near villages were considered the most ideal, as they were almost invariably fatter than their forest dwelling counterparts.
Asiatic black bears have been hunted for their parts in China since the Stone Age. Black bear meat is also edible. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Asian Black Bear Conservation status. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Search for the golden moon bear: Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. Bears, Majestic Creatures of the Wild. The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Comparative morphology of the muscles of mastication in the giant panda and the Asiatic black bear. Anatomischer Anzeiger 3: The Moon Bear as a symbol of Yama: Its significance in the folklore and upland hunting in Japan.
Asian Ethnology 67 1: Wild sports of the world: The great and small game of India, Burma, and Tibet. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears Ursus americanus Pallas and brown and grizzly bears U. Their biology and management: The Encyclopedia of Mammals: Taylor and Francis, London.
Bears Of The World. Archived from the original on 20 March Retrieved 20 March Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution. Mammals of the Soviet Union. II, part 2, Carnivores Feloidea , p. Is it effect of climate change on habitat? Archived PDF from the original on People-Wildlife conflicts in Anthropological Perspective. Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon.
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Thacker, Spink and Co, Calcutta. The living animals of the world; a popular natural history with one thousand illustrations. Dodd, Mead and Company, New York. Archived from the original on A Book of Man Eaters. Patterns of livestock predation by large mammalian carnivores". Chauhan, Wildlife Institute of India, P.
Box 18, Chandrabani, Dehradun , India. The rifle in Cashmere: Bears [ dead link ]. African palm civet N. Angolan slender mongoose G. Ethiopian dwarf mongoose H. Small-toothed palm civet A.
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