And they're going to come in, and they're going to bump into things in our atmosphere, and they're actually going to form neutrons. So they're actually going to form neutrons. And we'll show a neutron with a lowercase n, and a 1 for its mass number. And we don't write anything, because it has no protons down here.
Radiometric dating
Like we had for nitrogen, we had seven protons. So it's not really an element. It is a subatomic particle.
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But you have these neutrons form. And every now and then-- and let's just be clear-- this isn't like a typical reaction. But every now and then one of those neutrons will bump into one of the nitrogen's in just the right way so that it bumps off one of the protons in the nitrogen and essentially replaces that proton with itself. So let me make it clear. So it bumps off one of the protons.
So instead of seven protons we now have six protons. But this number 14 doesn't go down to 13 because it replaces it with itself. So this still stays at And now since it only has six protons, this is no longer nitrogen, by definition. This is now carbon. And that proton that was bumped off just kind of gets emitted. So then let me just do that in another color.
And a proton that's just flying around, you could call that hydrogen 1. And it can gain an electron some ways. If it doesn't gain an electron, it's just a hydrogen ion, a positive ion, either way, or a hydrogen nucleus. But this process-- and once again, it's not a typical process, but it happens every now and then-- this is how carbon forms.
Age Dating the Earth
So this right here is carbon You can essentially view it as a nitrogen where one of the protons is replaced with a neutron. And what's interesting about this is this is constantly being formed in our atmosphere, not in huge quantities, but in reasonable quantities. So let me write this down. And let me be very clear. Let's look at the periodic table over here. So carbon by definition has six protons, but the typical isotope, the most common isotope of carbon is carbon So carbon is the most common.
So most of the carbon in your body is carbon But what's interesting is that a small fraction of carbon forms, and then this carbon can then also combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. And then that carbon dioxide gets absorbed into the rest of the atmosphere, into our oceans. It can be fixed by plants.
When people talk about carbon fixation, they're really talking about using mainly light energy from the sun to take gaseous carbon and turn it into actual kind of organic tissue. And so this carbon, it's constantly being formed. It makes its way into oceans-- it's already in the air, but it completely mixes through the whole atmosphere-- and the air. And then it makes its way into plants. And plants are really just made out of that fixed carbon, that carbon that was taken in gaseous form and put into, I guess you could say, into kind of a solid form, put it into a living form.
That's what wood pretty much is.
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It gets put into plants, and then it gets put into the things that eat the plants. So that could be us. Now why is this even interesting? I've just explained a mechanism where some of our body, even though carbon is the most common isotope, some of our body, while we're living, gets made up of this carbon thing. Well, the interesting thing is the only time you can take in this carbon is while you're alive, while you're eating new things.
Because as soon as you die and you get buried under the ground, there's no way for the carbon to become part of your tissue anymore because you're not eating anything with new carbon And what's interesting here is once you die, you're not going to get any new carbon And that carbon that you did have at you're death is going to decay via beta decay-- and we learned about this-- back into nitrogen So kind of this process reverses. So it'll decay back into nitrogen, and in beta decay you emit an electron and an electron anti-neutrino.
I won't go into the details of that. But essentially what you have happening here is you have one of the neutrons is turning into a proton and emitting this stuff in the process. Now why is this interesting? So I just said while you're living you have kind of straight-up carbon By using dendrochronology scientists have dated certain living trees to having ages of around years. This finding showed the current model for carbon dating to be incorrect, so scientists recalibrated their 14 C model based on this tree.
Relative dating is a technique that uses the "relative" positions of layers and fossils to assign estimated dates to strata.
The Age of the Earth
Uniformitarian geologists began using the principles of stratigraphy to assign dates to the layers of the geological column fossils back in the late s. Relative dating uses a combination of fossil studies and structural interpretation to draw conclusions about the geological history of an area.
Ice cores are obtained by drilling core samples of ice in glaciated regions, such as near the poles. Visible light and dark rings can be found in such cores that are then analyzed to determine the age of the ice. These layers are presumed to be the result of annual fluctuations in climate, and using this method, uniformitarians purport to document ages of over , years.
Creationists, such as Michael Oard , contend that these laminations are from subannual events, including layering due to dust to be found in a post-flood ice age. He discusses this theory briefly here. Subannual formation is supported by observations that several such layers of snow and ice can result from the storms within a single winter season. Any dating method depends on a fixed standard, or else it produces arbitrary dates. Uniformitarian geologists prefer to believe, and claim, that each of their methods uses such a fixed standard.
But a careful examination of the so-called "standards" of dating reveals that each of their methods depends on an a priori assumption about the history of the earth. By continuing to use such methods, uniformitarians make their own chief assertion, that the earth is billions of years old, untestable.
In so doing, they commit the logical fallacies of proof by assertion and circular reasoning. Beyond this, each dating method has problems with the method itself and problems with the interpretation of its results.
Carbon 14 dating 1 (video) | Khan Academy
Some of the "adjustments" that uniformitarians make to the dates that their procedures produce are akin to the detestable practice of "dry-labbing" wherein a dishonest investigator constructs observations out of his own imagination. The adjustments of carbon dates to make them concordant with other dating methods is a case in point. Many sites get labeled a certain age based on evolutionary bias, but later get redated at much younger dates. A good example of this is the Barberton deposits.
It was thought to be the product of a Archean hydrothermal vent, but supposedly it's now from a Cenozoic hydrological system. Young earth creation scientists believe that the evolutionary geological timescale is in error. It should be noted that catastrophism is increasing being accepted in the field of geology. For example, William R. Corliss catalogued numerous anomalies in the old earth uniformatarian geology paradigm. The Northwest Creation Network is a Christian ministry that provides free education and resources in Biblical apologetics. In dating any object, geologists: Observe the present state of the system.
Measure a process rate within the system. Assume certain things about the past. Calculate the time necessary from that process to produce the present state. Assumptions When dating an object, a geologist measures some physical property of the object, which is believed to provide evidence regarding its age. Absolute dating methods Main Article: Products of a Cenozoic hydrological system, not Archean hydrothermal vents!