The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war. The following era was marked by instability, as over 1. Cappadocian Greeks , Pontian Greeks , and non-Greek followers of Greek Orthodoxy were all subject to the exchange as well.
Some of the refugees could not speak the language, and were from what had been unfamiliar environments to mainland Greeks, such as in the case of the Cappadocians and non-Greeks. The refugees also made a dramatic post-war population boost, as the number of refugees was more than a quarter of Greece's prior population. Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared.
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An agreement between Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas and the head of state George II followed in , which installed Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime , inaugurating a period of authoritarian rule that would last, with short breaks, until On 28 October , Fascist Italy demanded the surrender of Greece, but the Greek administration refused, and, in the following Greco-Italian War , Greece repelled Italian forces into Albania, giving the Allies their first victory over Axis forces on land.
The Greek struggle and victory against the Italians received exuberant praise at the time. In an official notice released to coincide with the Greek national celebration of the Day of Independence, De Gaulle expressed his admiration for the Greek resistance:. In the name of the captured yet still alive French people, France wants to send her greetings to the Greek people who are fighting for their freedom. The 25 March finds Greece in the peak of their heroic struggle and in the top of their glory.
Since the Battle of Salamis, Greece had not achieved the greatness and the glory which today holds. The country would eventually fall to urgently dispatched German forces during the Battle of Greece , despite the fierce Greek resistance, particularly in the Battle of the Metaxas Line. Adolf Hitler himself recognised the bravery and the courage of the Greek army , stating in his address to the Reichstag on 11 December , that: He capitulated only when further resistance had become impossible and useless.
The Nazis proceeded to administer Athens and Thessaloniki, while other regions of the country were given to Nazi Germany's partners, Fascist Italy and Bulgaria. The occupation brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population.
Over , civilians died of starvation during the winter of —, tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and collaborators , the country's economy was ruined, and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps. The German occupiers committed numerous atrocities, mass executions, and wholesale slaughter of civilians and destruction of towns and villages in reprisals. In the course of the concerted anti-guerilla campaign, hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1,, Greeks left homeless. The country almost immediately descended into a bloody civil war between communist forces and the anti-communist Greek government, which lasted until with the latter's victory.
The conflict, considered one of the earliest struggles of the Cold War , [] resulted in further economic devastation, mass population displacement and severe political polarisation for the next thirty years.
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Although the post-war decades were characterised by social strife and widespread marginalisation of the left in political and social spheres, Greece nonetheless experienced rapid economic growth and recovery, propelled in part by the U. Under the junta, civil rights were suspended, political repression was intensified, and human rights abuses, including state-sanctioned torture, were rampant. Economic growth remained rapid before plateauing in The brutal suppression of the Athens Polytechnic uprising on 17 November is claimed to have sent shockwaves through the regime, and a counter-coup overthrew Georgios Papadopoulos to establish brigadier Dimitrios Ioannidis as leader.
On 20 July , Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus in response to a Greek-backed Cypriot coup, triggering a political crisis that led to the regime's collapse. The former prime minister Konstantinos Karamanlis was invited back from Paris where he had lived in self-exile since , marking the beginning of the Metapolitefsi era. The first multiparty elections since were held on the first anniversary of the Polytechnic uprising. A democratic and republican constitution was promulgated on 11 June following a referendum which chose to not restore the monarchy.
Greece rejoined NATO in Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping, and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in , leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership.
The Greek National Opera inaugurates 12222 with Simon Boccanegra by Giuseppe Verdi.
The country adopted the euro in and successfully hosted the Summer Olympic Games in Athens. Due to the adoption of the euro, when Greece experienced financial crisis, it could no longer devalue its currency to regain competitiveness. Youth unemployment was especially high during the s.
Located in Southern Europe , [] [] Greece is a transcontinental country that consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans , ending at the Peloponnese peninsula separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe.
Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. Smolikas the second-highest in Greece and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel.
The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and finds its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland. Pindus is characterised by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes.
Northeastern Greece features another high-altitude mountain range, the Rhodope range, spreading across the region of East Macedonia and Thrace ; this area is covered with vast, thick, ancient forests, including the famous Dadia forest in the Evros regional unit , in the far northeast of the country. Extensive plains are primarily located in the regions of Thessaly , Central Macedonia and Thrace.
They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country. Rare marine species such as the pinniped seals and the loggerhead sea turtle live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece, while its dense forests are home to the endangered brown bear , the Eurasian lynx , the roe deer and the wild goat. Greece features a vast number of islands , between 1, and 6,, depending on the definition, [] of which are inhabited.
Crete is the largest and most populous island; Euboea , separated from the mainland by the 60m-wide Euripus Strait , is the second largest, followed by Lesbos and Rhodes. The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: The climate of Greece is primarily Mediterranean , featuring mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers.
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This climate occurs at all coastal locations, including Athens, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands and parts of the Central Continental Greece region. The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture than the areas lying to the east of the range due to a rain shadow effect.
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The inland parts of northern Greece, in Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace feature a temperate climate with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low-lying southern areas, such as Athens. Phytogeographically , Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region.
Greece is a unitary parliamentary republic. It has been revised three times since, in , and The Constitution, which consists of articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive , legislative , and judicial branches , and grants extensive specific guarantees further reinforced in of civil liberties and social rights.
According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.
Legislative powers are exercised by a member elective unicameral Parliament. According to a report by the OECD, Greeks display a moderate level of civic participation compared to most other developed countries; voter turnout was 64 percent during recent elections, lower than the OECD average of 69 percent. The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May No party could form a sustainable government, which led to the parliamentary elections of June The following morning, Tsipras reached an agreement with Independent Greeks party to form a coalition, and he was sworn in as Prime Minister of Greece.
Tsipras called snap elections in August , resigning from his post, which led to a month-long caretaker administration headed by judge Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou , Greece's first female prime minister.
Van Gogh Alive in Thessaloniki
In the September general election , Tsipras led Syriza to another victory, winning out of seats and re-forming the coalition with the Independent Greeks. Greece's foreign policy is conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its head, the Minister for Foreign Affairs.
The current minister is Nikos Kotzias. According to the official website, the main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations; [] safeguarding the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad; [] the promotion of Greek culture; [] the fostering of closer relations with the Greek diaspora ; [] and the promotion of international cooperation.
The Ministry identifies three issues of particular importance to the Greek state: Turkish challenges to Greek sovereignty rights in the Aegean Sea and corresponding airspace ; [] the Cyprus dispute and the Turkish occupation of Northern Cyprus ; [] and the Macedonia naming dispute [] with the small Balkan country which shares a name with Greece's largest and second-most-populous region, also called Macedonia. Greece is a member of numerous international organizations, including the Council of Europe , the European Union , the Union for the Mediterranean , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the Organisation internationale de la francophonie and the United Nations , of which it is a founding member.
The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts: The Judiciary system is also composed of civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts, which judge disputes between the citizens and the Greek administrative authorities. The Hellenic Police Greek: It is a very large agency with its responsibilities ranging from road traffic control to counter-terrorism. It consists of three branches:. Moreover, Greece maintains the Hellenic Coast Guard for law enforcement at sea, search and rescue, and port operations.
Though it can support the navy during wartime, it resides under the authority of the Ministry of Shipping.